# You Only Query Once: Effective Black Box Adversarial Attacks with Minimal Repeated Queries. (arXiv:2102.00029v1 [cs.LG])

Researchers have repeatedly shown that it is possible to craft adversarial
attacks on deep classifiers (small perturbations that significantly change the
class label), even in the “black-box” setting where one only has query access
to the classifier. However, all prior work in the black-box setting attacks the
classifier by repeatedly querying the same image with minor modifications,
usually thousands of times or more, making it easy for defenders to detect an
ensuing attack. In this work, we instead show that it is possible to craft
(universal) adversarial perturbations in the black-box setting by querying a
sequence of different images only once. This attack prevents detection from
high number of similar queries and produces a perturbation that causes
misclassification when applied to any input to the classifier. In experiments,
we show that attacks that adhere to this restriction can produce untargeted
adversarial perturbations that fool the vast majority of MNIST and CIFAR-10
classifier inputs, as well as in excess of $60-70%$ of inputs on ImageNet
classifiers. In the targeted setting, we exhibit targeted black-box universal
attacks on ImageNet classifiers with success rates above $20%$ when only
allowed one query per image, and $66%$ when allowed two queries per image.